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  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    Is reality little atomistic lumps of matter in motion or instead a mathematics of structure and relation?apokrisis

    The problem is, mathematical physics is highly specialised and requires training. Unless you understand what lagrangians and hilbert spaces and vectors are (no need to explain!)

    There's a genre of popular science writing which does help cast light on the philosophical implications of physics - I'm thinking Jim Baggott, Manjit Kumar, New Scientist etc - but there's a difference between discussing the philosophical implications of physics, and the kinds of debates going on inside physics, which are pretty well by definition only intelligible to those trained in it.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    Kant is now classified as a German Idealist, who trafficked in transcendental notions & a priori concepts.Gnomon

    Accordingly, many who misunderstand both classical metaphysics and German idealism believe it's all the same schtick.

    Physicists just take Laws & Constants for granted, without further explanation.Gnomon

    There's nothing inherently the matter with that. It's only since science popularisers like Krauss and Dawkins started to claim that science somehow 'disproves' God that natural science has itself started to be taken as a metaphysics.

    The Buddha always told his disciples not to waste their time and energy in metaphysical speculation.Gnomon

    I know that territory very well, I did a Master's in Buddhist Studies ten years ago. In fact my introduction to Kant was through a 1950's book The Central Philosophy of Buddhism by T R V Murti, which is one of those formative texts you read early in life that forever becomes part of your outlook on life. Murti goes into extensive comparisons of the philosophy of the Buddhist Madhyamika (Middle Way) philosophy with Kant, Hegel, Hume and Bradley. This book is now generally scorned by later generations of Buddhologists as being overly euro-centric, but I found it tremendously helpful. You can read a snippet here.

    Ain't this the place?Haglund

    I think at the very least it ought to be discussed in a different thread. This thread like many is subject to constant digressions, but esoteric and contested concepts in current theoretical physics is perhaps a bridge too far. I'm sure nobody here other than yourself and Apo would know what a 'preon' is (or a Mexican hat, for that matter :roll: )
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    ahem....philosophy forum..... :angry:
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    Encyclopedia entries on 'noumena' in Kant 1, 2, and 3.

    Etymology - The Greek word nooúmenon is the neuter middle-passive present participle of noeîn "to think, to mean", which in turn originates from the word noûs, an Attic contracted form of νόος nóos[a] "perception, understanding, mind." A rough equivalent in English would be "something that is thought", or "the object of an act of thought".

    It is generally opposed in Kant to 'phenomena' meaning 'that which appears'. So a simple explanation would be in terms of the distinction between 'what appears' (phenomenon) and 'what truly is' (noumenon). It is another iteration of the age-old philosophical distinction of reality and appearance.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    So, the idea here would be that of intellectual intuition; that in virtue of being the noumenal we can somehow directly know it's nature. The possibility cannot be ruled out, but even if such direct knowing were possible; there could be no discursive "knowing that we knowJanus

    I think that is close to what Jacques Maritain meant by the 'intuition of being'.

    So, it seems that what you are looking for is that experience of illuminationJanus

    I'm long past expecting anything like that to happen to me, but I still believe that it is central to metaphysics proper.

    Ironically, Kant's unknowable noumena are the very kind of knowledge that philosophers specialize in : speculation & conjecture into the unknown, and objectively unknowable, mysteries that are not amenable to scientific explorationGnomon

    Not at all. The later Kant was completely dismissive of speculative metaphysics. I won't try and explain what is meant by the philosophical term noumenon but it's not a catch-all term for spooky woo-woo.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    Even if there were nowhere anywhere free form this strict physical determinacy, it would still be logically (if not physically) possible that there might have been. And of course, in any case, we don't, and can't know the truth about any of this.Janus

    It depends on what sense of 'knowing'. This writer says that Kant claims that the noumenal is unknowable - but that both Hegel and Schleiermacher then point out that, even though the noumenal might be unknowable in any objective sense, in another sense, it constitutes our own being, that it constitutes us, as subjects of experience.

    Whatever the noumenal reality is, I’m a part of it. Not the "me" who is an object of experience—that’s the phenomenal me. And the naïve “phenomenal me” that comes from immediate introspection is no less phenomenal than what scientists look at when they study my brain. What bearing it has on the “noumenal me” remains an open question.

    But still, I am what I am—and so in being me (as opposed to putting myself at the objective pole of conscious observation and then studying me) I am being part of noumenal reality. And there may be a way to leverage that fact into some kind of understanding of noumenal reality. That’s what Hegel tries to do in The Phenomenology of Spirit.
    Eric Reitan
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    is Logical Necessity caused by some physical force or entity? Or is it a fundamental principle of Reality? Is it a law of Physics, or a law of Meta-Physics? Are natural Laws (physical regularities) necessary (absolute) or contingent (fortuitous)? If they could be otherwise, what was the prior Cause (the "must") of their necessity for the emergence & evolution of the physical world?Gnomon

    Your question prompted me to review a couple of Robert Lawrence Kuhn's interviews with science educators about this question, Martin Rees and Paul Davies. Their answer, in essence, is that science doesn't know what natural laws are. Davies speculates that science might one day arrive at a super-theory from which the undetermined constants might be explained, but that meanwhile there are simply a small number of undetermined constants - like the force of gravity - that are as they are, but without any further apparent explanation (I think this is related to the 'naturalness problem'). But at this time, we don't know if such constants have a further explanation, if there's a meta-theory that explains them - and I think it's important to understand the sense in which this is not a scientific but a metaphysical question (so - metaphysics is not dead after all.)

    One of the articles I refer to is a review by Neil Ormerod, a philosophical theologian, of Lawrence Krauss' book A Universe from Nothing. He speaks of the 'anxiety over contingency' that supposedly underlies many books such as Krauss's (Krauss being a kind of ancillary member of the New Atheist clique). The 'contigency' he's referring to is the requirement to validate hypotheses and mathematical models against observation. Speaking of the Higgs boson discovery, he says:

    The...thing this discovery illustrates is the ever present gap between theory and verification. The standard model was enormously successful in its account of the basic particles and the forces through which they interact. It was mathematically satisfying and elegantly based on notions of physical symmetry. Yet no one would ever have suggested that it must be correct regardless of any process of empirical verification. Such a process of verification lies at the heart of the scientific method. Theories are not self-verifying but always remain hypothetical constructs, subject to the next round of possible verification or falsification from the data.

    This leads to a significant tension in the whole scientific project. Its drive is to seek intelligibility or patterns in the empirical data, to express these patterns in theoretical constructs, yet in the end it must deal with a brute fact of existence, which either verifies or falsifies these proposed patterns.

    That reality is intelligible is the presupposition of all scientific endeavours: that the intelligibility science proposes is always subject to empirical verification means that science never actually explains existence itself but must submit itself to a reality check against the empirical data. This existential gap between scientific hypotheses and empirical verified judgment points to, in philosophical terms, the contingency of existence. There is no automatic leap from hypothesis to reality that can bypass a "reality check."
    — Neil Ormerod

    One of the things that occurs to me is how often it is assumed that the phenomenal domain, the vast realm which is subject to investigation by the natural sciences, is, in this sense, the domain of contigent facts. Yet the conviction among many is that this is the only reality. ('Cosmos is all there is'.) So I think what's been lost sight of is precisely the intuition of the domain of unconditional, the realm of necessary truths (arguably, the noumenal realm). It can be argued that this is what is real, but that it is not existent, in that it's not phenomenal reality, which is 'what appears'. So the conviction that the realm of contingency is the only real realm is the basis of the fundamental confusion (dare we say ignorance) of technocratic culture.

    (I suppose this can easily be construed as theist apologetics, but it doesn't have to be. I'm agnostic about the reality of a Biblical God. But there's a broader metaphysical conception that subsumes many different, specific cultural forms.)
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    Can you parse Haglund's claim that a parabola "follows" a stone?Agent Smith

    I don't think that's correct. But scientists and philosophers both have long noticed the uncanny relationship between maths and the world, going back to the Pythagoreans (and probably before.) I've read a couple of books on it, Mario Livio - Is God a Mathematician? being one.

    My view is that in some fundamental sense, number is real. Not that there aren't imaginary numbers and imaginary mathematical systems, as there surely are - but that in grasping mathematical truths, you're grasping something real, not subjective, not a product of the mind. Loosely speaking that is called mathematical platonism and it's a favourite subject of mine, although not being highly proficient at maths is a handicap.

    You'll live another 10 years.Haglund

    I would be vastly surprised if the dark matter-energy conundrum is solved in the next 10 years, or 10 decades.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    It hasn't. It's gaining popularity, in fact.Haglund

    Fair enough, I stand corrected. But I don't expect it to be resolved in my lifetime.

    this is distracting me from other reading, so interesting though it is, it must wait.Banno

    Shame, it's the real substance of the thread.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    nature seems to follow mathematically describable lawsAgent Smith

    This has already been referred to but it's always worth another mention, https://math.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    Sure ain't bedtime reading. But notice this declaration in the second-last paragraph:

    I do not think that there is sufficiently good reason for maintaining the “naturalist” hypothesis about human behaviour and thought.
    So Anscombe is not, in criticizing Lewis, defending naturalism. She is questioning the grounds on which he criticizes it, even though she agrees that there is not a sufficiently good reason for maintaining it.

    However with respect to the argument itself, I don't know if Anscombe really grasps what Lewis means by 'irrational' (a word which he subsequently changes to non-rational in response to her criticism) causes. She says:

    What sorts of thing would one normally call “irrational causes” for human thoughts? If one is asked this, one immediately thinks of such things as passion, self-interest, wishing only to see the agreeable or disagreeable, obstinate and prejudicial adherence to the views of a party or school with which one is connected, and so on.

    But I don't think that is what Lewis has in mind. I think he has in mind causes such as: the pattern of the exchange of ions across membranes (which is a neurological account); perhaps Darwinian accounts, such as valid reasoning being an instrument of natural selection, such that it is counted as valid because it leads to successfully navigating one's environment.

    She says further down:

    Given the scientific explanation of human thought and action which the naturalist hypothesis asserts to be possible, we could, if we had the data that the explanation required, predict what any man was going to say, and what conclusions he was going to form.

    That is a very big 'if'. And it's also in conflict with much of what she says in the other essay we're discussing, Causality and Determination - specifically, the very last paragraph. Furthermore any 'scientific explanation' must itself draw on the rules of inference, and not simply appeal to observations of data, because all such observations are subject to interpretation - what does the data mean?

    In short, not swayed by Anscombe's objections. Overall, I think Victor Reppert's chapter on the subject is superior.

    The dark matter can be black holesHaglund

    That's been ruled out. There's not nearly enough mass in the calculated total number of black hole material to account for it. But don't ask me for the references and let's not go down that rabbit-hole, better to ask such questions on physicsforum.com.
  • Psychology Evolved From Philosophy Apparently
    Its been stated that successful philosophy becomes the sciences.Philosophim

    By whom?

    I enrolled in psychology as an undergraduate, but was eventually dissappointed by the subject. The orientation of the department at the University I attended was described dismissively as 'pulling habits out of rats'. I liked the units on humanistic psychology, Albert Ellis, Carl Rogers, and some of those thinkers.

    I read many of Sigmund Freud's humanist essays at that time - Totem and Taboo, Civilization and its Discontents, and others of that ilk. Philosophically, many of Freud's ideas are very interesting, he was certainly a much deeper thinker than many of the subsequent generations. But his conception of science was (shall we say) 'scientistic' in the extreme. That is well-illustrated by the anecdote of his last meeting with Jung. 'In Vienna in 1910 Sigmund Freud asked Carl Jung to promise that he would ‘never abandon the sexual theory.’ When Jung asked why, Freud replied that they had to make it a ‘dogma’, an ‘unshakeable bulwark’ against the ‘black tide of mud of occultism’. God knows what unconscious fears drove that conviction.

    I think on the whole psychology is only as ever as good as the individuals who practice it. It has scope to be life-changing but it can also be waffle, as it is clearly impossible to treat as an objective science. Humans are after all subjects of experience before they're objects of analysis. Unless it is anchored in a greater worldview it looses much redemptive power - after all Freud said the aim of his work was merely to convert hysterical misery into ordinary unhappiness. That's why I think amongst the most insightful psychologists are Victor Frankl and Erich Fromm - they had a philosophical breadth and depth that infused their writings.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    Thus the two stories combine in the organism. We get the actual semiosis of a material system being organised by its concept of logical rule following. We get physical systems that interact with their worlds by using syntactic mechanism - codes like genes, neurons, words, numbers - and indeed gaining agency as that semiotic interaction is, holistically, a state of interpretance.apokrisis

    :clap: (You should have a look at this week's edition of PBS Spacetime. Excellent presentation on Wheeler's participatory universe. )

    The cosmos is a material structureapokrisis

    You mean, the 4% of it that we can account for.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    But I doubt you'd like the place. The Anscombe-Lewis debate was the former's criticism of the latter's presentation of the Argument from Reason. You'll find a detailed account here.

    That wasn't my account of what Anscombe said, it is my paraphrase of the import of the argument from reason, followed by a supporting quote from Nagel about the same topic. I would be dissappointed if it went by you.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    The only form that genuine reasoning can take consists in seeing the validity of the arguments, in virtue of what they say. As soon as one tries to step outside of such thoughts, one loses contact with their true content. And one cannot be outside and inside them at the same time: If one thinks in logic, one cannot simultaneously regard those thoughts as mere psychological dispositions, however caused or however biologically grounded. If one decides that some of one's psychological dispositions are, as a contingent matter of fact, reliable methods of reaching the truth (as one may with perception, for example), then in doing so one must rely on other thoughts that one actually thinks, without regarding them as mere dispositions. One cannot embed all one's reasoning in a psychological theory, including the reasonings that have led to that psychological theory. The epistemological buck must stop somewhere. By this I mean not that there must be some premises that are forever unrevisable but, rather, that in any process of reasoning or argument there must be some thoughts that one simply thinks from the inside--rather than thinking of them as biologically programmed dispositions.Thomas Nagel
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    "quotidian" is a cool word. You've used it a few times recently. Nice.

    Perhaps you might comment on the Anscombe article?
    Banno

    It was a forum nickname of mine on some other forums. Always was a word I liked.

    I read the Anscombe article before I posted it. I didn't think it really nailed the central issue but she certainly discusses it. I think the relationships between determination and causation are interesting, and also that she at least acknowledges the influence of non-determinism in contemporary physics.

    But I should own up to the original impulse behind my interest in this question. I'm interested in the argument from reason - something Anscombe also commented on in her response to C S Lewis. The argument from reason is essentially that reason itself is built on the foundation of valid inferences, and that valid inferences are not susceptible to naturalistic explanations; or rather, if they can be explained in terms of natural causes, then this explanation undermines the sovereignity of reason.

    And if indeed physical causation and logical necessity operate for the most part in separate domains then this is an argument against neural reductionism. After all, neural reductionists, of whom there are always plenty on this forum, will always claim that thinking is reducible to or caused by the brain, as if this is a strong argument for physicalism. But if logical necessity is separable from physical causation, then this claim can't be maintained. A logical inference is, in very simple terms, "that if this is the case, than that must be so". And here the 'must' is that of logical necessity. But that has to stand on its own right. It can't be said to be 'caused by or 'dependent on' some configuration of neural matter, because to do so is a conflation between physical causation and logical necessity. It is ascribing to the (presumably physical) causal chains operating in the brain a level of abstraction and generality which properly only pertains to the domain of logic.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    more like, a return to the quotidian.
  • The Concept of Religion
    shame it came to that. I'll take it as a hint to turn my attention to something other than philosophy forums for a while.
  • Scotty from Marketing
    If this had happened under Labor the Libs would be howling blue murder.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    Cancer comes from cells that don’t follow rules. There’s some physical causation for ya, of a most unpleasant kind.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    [thread successfully re-colonised by plain language theorist]
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    In the end, silence.Banno

    You say that a lot. :wink:
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    So, you don’t like him? :yikes:

    People do maths, not god.Banno

    Nothing to do with what you said previously, that the effectiveness of math is due to it being ‘fit’. As I said, covert neo-Darwinism.

    I see no reason to engage with Quine, and he’s not known outside the parlour-game which passes for philosophy in today’s culture. I know you and I have very different ideas of what constitutes the subject - yours is much more in line with philosophy as it is taught and understood in today’s universities, my original orientation was more counter-cultural in orientation so naturally not disposed towards that.

    I think a strong subtext behind this whole conversation is the instinctive dislike of the idea of ‘natural law’ - because it harks back to its theistic origins, ‘the handiwork of God’. That’s reason enough for a lot of folk to flee screaming. It’s why I post Nagel’s essay, Evolutionary Naturalism and the Fear of Religion. (And at least Nagel has broken out of the ivory tower.)

    I get it and within this hints of idealism.Tom Storm

    Significant that Bishop Berkeley was strictly empiricist. It took me a long while to understand how that could be so, but I came to see that in his interpretation, what we take to be external objects, really are just ideas or sensations in the experiential domain.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    I think the idea that Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason has been superseded by Quine or subsequent science is plain wrong. I think it’s more likely that either people don’t understand it, or don’t want to engage with Kant’s work. I know that trying to read Kant is like studying accountancy or tort law but I’m still convinced of the importance of Kant (and his successors including Schopenhauer). I find modern analytical philosophy on the whole is shallow and superficial and is not concerned with the foundational questions that Kant and Schopenhauer dared to articulate.

    It's not a surprise that the mathematics we choose to talk about the world happens to fit the world,Banno

    That’s a lame attitude, it seeks to explain away the ability of reason to make genuine discoveries - to uncover, disclose, intuit, things about the world which were never previously known and could not be known by any other means. It’s a kind of covert neo-Darwinism which reduces everything about humans to an adaptation, it’s what I mean about modern philosophy being basically irrational (or sub-rational).

    well, as I’m saying, reading Kant is just hard work but I’ve downloaded a very nicely-formatted edition of his Prologemena for Kindle and am finding it generally approachable. It’s written in a deliberately user-friendly kind of style even with some humour in places. But it’s still very dry.

    The whole Hume-Kant argument is basically this. Hume and the other empiricists have the conviction that all knowledge is acquired by experience (in the broadest definition including ‘sensory input’, which the tradition confusingly calls ‘sensible’.) Locke’s conviction was that the mind is tabula rasa, a blank slate, he rejects anything like innate ideas (the historical precendent being Plato’s Meno, where innate knowledge of geometry is elicited from a slave boy.) Empiricism then amounts to the conviction that only what can be validated with reference to sensable data can amount to a valid knowledge claim. A priori truths are an exception because they’re true by definition - the textbook example being that you can say of a bachelor that he’s an unmarried man. Even though it’s a trite example, the principle has broad scope, including (Hume would argue) mathematics and all those things we can know a priori, that is, on the basis of logic not experience.

    I think in very simple and high-level terms, the thrust of Kant’s critique is that it’s not possible to reduce everything to the merely sensable. Even to interpret sense-experience to the point of being able to talk rationally about it, requires that the mind calls on the ‘categories of the understanding’ which are not themselves acquired through experience but have to be regarded as innate in some sense (this is where I see the tie in between Kant and Aristotelian hylomorphism, it’s laid out in this book.) This is the basis of his claim that ‘percepts without concepts are blind’. Kant also shows that even logical claims are not simply matters of definition - that we can come to conclusions based on logical grounds that encompass more than simply the terms from which the conclusions are drawn - that is where the synthetic a priori comes in. The mind is all the time organising and managing incoming sensory data in accordance with innate faculties. If that sounds commonplace, it’s because Kant’s philosophy has also had a huge impact on the way we think about thinking. (There’s a scholar called Andrew Brooks who specialises in Kant’s impact on cognitive science.) But Kant hasn’t displaced empirical dogmatism, because, I think, his critique is very hard to understand. Hence the widespread conviction that what is real has to be ‘out there somewhere’, situated in time and space.

    Why is this concerned with metaphysics? For Kant, it’s because metaphysics must be based on non-experiential or a priori understanding. However where I think Kant is vulnerable to criticism is that he doesn’t allow for the category of extraordinary cognition corresponding with divine illumination. This is why Jacques Maritain criticises him. So Kant is not the last word. (Sorry for the long post.)
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    The term I used was ‘physical causation’ by which I mean the identification of causes that can be understood in principle by the physical or natural sciences. But as many of the comments in this thread have made clear, the nature of causation is a complex and multi-factorial issue, whereas logical necessity is a relatively simple and discrete subject which can be described in a few pages of text.

    I’ve come to the view that what are described as ‘scientific laws’ are where physical causation can be harnessed to logical necessity. That’s what enables the application of logical and mathematical methods to practical and theoretical sciences, to great effect, as evidenced by the progress of science and technology since Galileo. But it never goes ‘all the way down’ due to the fact that empiricism is restricted in scope to contingent facts.

    The topic I’m still very interested in studying in greater detail is the significance of Kant’s ‘synthetic a priori’ and the application of all of these ideas to the subject of metaphysics.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    I suppose you are viewing "intelligible objects" from a god-like Rationalist perspective -- from outside the world system. As far as God is concerned, everything in the world is real, and objective.Gnomon

    With respect to "the criterion of objectivity": I did some research on the word and found that it only comes into use in the early modern period. And I contend that this is because of an actual shift in consciousness that marks the advent of modernity, which is when humans begin to orient themselves with respect to objects and things, or become aware of themselves as separate subjects in a domain of objects. Prior to this reality was experienced very differently (and so, was actually different.) But you generally won't find direct awareness of this shift or re-orientation in the subject of philosophy, certainly not in analytic philosophy. Hegel might have had an awareness of it, with his emphasis on the historicity of consciousness. Also maybe you find awareness of it in anthropology, philosophical sociology (for instance Max Weber's 'spirit of capitalism') but more markedly in authors such as Owen Barfield and Jean Gebser. *

    I'm not a Logical Positivist, but I am aware that most people apply the term "Real" only to what they can see & touch. Any other forms of knowledge are either Un-real or Ideal or spiritual or "ghostly", and consequently their "existence" is debatable.Gnomon

    Again, that customary attitude, which is practically assumed, grows out of empiricism as a stance or attitude towards the world. Locke and Hume (in particular) are so profoundly influential in our culture, we see the world through the spectacles they fashioned without being aware of it. ('What spectacles?' people will ask.) And I think you're still actually thinking within that mode, while wanting to see beyond it, and sensing something beyond it That's why you revert to the images of 'ghostliness' or 'ethereality' to depict your understanding of anything 'beyond the empirical', because you still are trying to conceive of what is beyond it in quasi-objective terms. Whereas what is needed is a kind of gestalt shift or re-orientation into a different kind of cognitive modality, which of course is a very difficult thing to either accomplish or convey (and I can't claim with certainty that I have done either). But, I think you're heading in the right direction.

    artificial (synthetic) propositionsGnomon

    That's an equivocation of the meaning of "synthetic". Synthetic substances are indeed artificial, but that is not what is meant in Kantian philosophy:

    synthesis: integration of two opposing representations into one new representation, with a view towards constructing a new level of the object’s reality. Philosophy as Critique employs synthesis more than analysis. On the operation of synthesis in the first Critique, see imagination. (Cf. analysis.)

    synthetic: a statement or item of knowledge which is known to be true because of its connection with some intuition. (Cf. analytic.)
    source.

    -----------------
    * Just found those two great blog entries, am going to go back and absorb them after writing this. Ain't the internet amazing.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    It could be though that a particle is the noumenon and the wavefunction the phenomenon.Haglund

    But the particle is what appears. The wavefunction never appears but can only be inferred. 'Phenomenon' means 'what appears'.

    And so we are not appealing to causal or logical necessity when we recognise this determination, and are only appealing to our expectations of nature with respect to this recognisable class of situations.sime

    Fair enough.

    The ontological distinction between miracles and mechanics begs the principle of sufficient reason, which is but another form of absolute infinity in disguise.sime

    :chin:
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    From my understanding the Copenhagen interpretation simply observes that we can't know what sub-atomic entities are apart from how they appear to us when they are registered by instruments. That's what makes it congruent with Kant's transcendental idealism: the wave function is analogous to the noumenal reality, while the registered particle is the observed phenomenon. We don't know what it is in itself, but only as it appears to us. It is that inability to know exactly which concerns scientific realists. But maybe it's just an acknowledgement of the limits of knowledge. It's an epistemically humble attitude.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    A majority is no proof of being right.Haglund

    No proof is available in this respect, otherwise there would be no scope for interpretation.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    Hidden variables make everything determined. The electron in an orbital always has a well-defined position and velocity like thisHaglund

    As I'm not a physicist, I can't disprove that, but suffice to say that hidden variable theories are held by only a minority of scientists, to my knowledge. I think the majority opinion is that 'the electron' has no position until it is measured. All you have until then is the equation which describes the distribution of possibilities for where it might be when it is measured but it can't be deduced from that, that it is in an unknown position. This implies that 'the electron' is not an objectively real until it is measured (as explained on the third page of this article under the heading 'Phenomenon'.) Because that undermines scientific realism it is rejected by a lot of people, arguably, this is why the 'many-worlds formulation' is popular, because it avoids this anti-realist implication, but at the cost of introducing many worlds.
  • The Concept of Religion
    I've noticed and drawn attention to this book a few times over the years, with your interests you in particular might find it interesting Zen and the Art of Postmodern Philosophy, Carl Olson
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    I'm trying to stick with traditional and modern philosophy. I'm interested in the question of the nature of abstract objects. Actually I've bought a textbook on it which I'm making some headway with. But I know I'll never understand quantum computers.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    Im not involving QM, insofar the objective existence of space is involved. It's nature. If objects interact doesn't space have to be an objective medium?Haglund

    This is where there are some philosophically difficult questions to consider.

    With respect to LaPlace's Daemon - the accepted wisdom is that Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle forecloses the possibility of absolute determinism, because there's an inbuilt degree of uncertainty at a foundational level of atomic physics. Banno posted an academic paper challenging the accepted wisdom somewhere upthread, but I confess I haven't had time to read it.

    @Gnomon - I parse the entire subject of the reality of ideas differently. My view is that proper 'intelligible objects' such as natural numbers, scientific principles, and the like, are real, but they're not existent things - they don't exist in the same way that regular objects do. They are strictly speaking noumenal - meaning 'objects of mind', although the sense in which they are 'objects' is debatable.

    Where that presents difficulties, is that there is no provision in most people's minds for things to exist in different ways - in other words, things either exist, or they don't. The number 7 exists, the square root of 7 does not. Horses exist, but unicorns do not. But that doesn't allow for the fact that the sense in which 'the number 7' exists, is not the same sense in which horses exist, as it's a real abstraction, if you like.

    Heisenberg says something similar in his lecture on Plato and Democritus. It's important to note that Heisenberg was a lifelong student of Platonism and a defender of proper philosophical idealism.

    This difficulty relates to the question whether the smallest units are ordinary physical objects, whether they exist in the same way as stones or flowers.... The mathematically formulated laws of quantum theory show clearly that our ordinary intuitive concepts cannot be unambiguously applied to the smallest particles. All the words or concepts we use to describe ordinary physical objects, such as position, velocity, color, size, and so on, become indefinite and problematic if we try to use them of elementary particles....it is important to realize that, while the behavior of the smallest particles cannot be unambiguously described in ordinary language, the language of mathematics is still adequate for a clear-cut account of what is going on.

    During the coming years, the high-energy accelerators will bring to light many further interesting details about the behavior of elementary particles. But I am inclined to think that the answer just considered to the old philosophical problems will turn out to be final. If this is so, does this answer confirm the views of Democritus or Plato?

    I think that on this point modern physics has definitely decided for Plato. For the smallest units of matter are, in fact, not physical objects in the ordinary sense of the word; they are forms, structures or — in Plato's sense — Ideas, which can be unambiguously spoken of only in the language of mathematics.
    Werner Heisenberg, The Debate between Plato and Democritus

    (Bolds added.)
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    I don't know if the nature of space is a digression from cause and effect. Isn't space a logical a priori for them to exist?Haglund

    It's only that once these discussions begin to involve interpretations of quantum mechanics, then they tend to fall into holes from which there is rarely an exit.


    Against Leibniz. So space is more than just the relation between objects, as the two gloves are not the same. Then how the gloves diffeHaglund

    As I understand it, those kinds of arguments of Kant's belong to his pre-critical phase. His mature philosophy is represented in the Critique of Pure Reason and subsequent works.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    This is another big digression, but those questions are very difficult from a philosophical point of view, aren't they? You seem to be attributing to particles an inherent reality, but you can't assume that sub-atomic particles exist, outside the circumstances in which they're measured. 'No phenomena is an existing phenomena until it's measured'. So your basically advocating a realist stance. But as I said, it's a big digression and I don't claim to be able to adjuticate it.

    Kant doesn't say that space and time are 'nothing' but that they are inextricably bound to our consciousness of them, in other words, they constituted in part in and by our awareness of them. There are academic papers around on comparision of Kant and Neils Bohr's epistemology in respect of the nature of atomic phenomena.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    Space is just the non aetheral stuff particles move inHaglund

    That's what Kant is denying - space is not any kind of 'stuff' or 'thing' or 'object' so is not 'made of' anything.
  • Logical Necessity and Physical Causation
    Do you know what he tried to establish with his gloves in empty space?Haglund

    I have precisely zero idea of what you're on about. The salient points regarding time and space are laid out in the Transcendental Doctrine of the Elements in the Critique of Pure Reason. It's a very difficult text to understand but regardless I can't see how subsequent scientific discoveries undermine the basic contentions that ' Space does not represent any property of objects as things in themselves' and that 'Time is not an empirical conception'. You can peruse those sections here.