I don't get how that answers my question to T Clark. — Patterner

I was trying to give some ideas on emergence. It wasn't an answer for your questions to TC.

Let's take an example. X = triangle, Y = lines.
If a triangle emerged from lines, then the triangle must exist separate from the lines.
That doesn't make sense to me. — SolarWind

The triangle was made up with the lines. It didn't emerge from the lines.

I was trying to give some ideas on emergence. It wasn't an answer for your questions to TC. — Corvus

Ok. I seem to be experiencing operating difficulties lately.

If X emerged from Y, then X must exist separate from Y.
— Corvus

Let's take an example. X = triangle, Y = lines.
If a triangle emerged from lines, then the triangle must exist separate from the lines.
That doesn't make sense to me. — SolarWind

It didn't make sense to me either. How about an example of emergence that I think a lot of people agree on?
X = liquidity
Y = the properties of particles and the laws of physics

I don't see how X exists separate from Y.

I don't see how X exists separate from Y. — Patterner

Does liquidity emerge from the properties of particles? Could you explain how it happens in detail?

The triangle was made up with the lines. It didn't emerge from the lines. — Corvus

In my opinion, this is an emergence. You can also draw (too short) lines that do NOT form a triangle.

So the triangle depends on the configuration, just like in a physical example.

I just think I'm not understanding you. It seems like you're saying we have tables made out of wood and nails, but we can't make tables out of wood and nails. — Patterner

I’ll start off with my clever response before I come back with my more straightforward one

Clever response—It’s not making the table out of wood and nails, it’s making the wood out of atoms and molecules.

Straightforward response—As I said, I can’t think of anything else to say that might convince you or at least help you understand what I’m trying to say. I don’t think my own understanding is good enough to come up with something better.

In my opinion, this is an emergence. You can also draw (too short) lines that do NOT form a triangle.

So the triangle depends on the configuration, just like in a physical example. — SolarWind

So, you are saying the triangle is not a separate existence from the lines. Is this correct?
Does it mean the triangle is the lines, and triangle exists in the lines?

It sounds something not quite correct too. Emergence is an event on its own. You don't make up things to make something to emerge. If you did, then you wouldn't call it emergence.

A triangle can only be made from the lines by your intervention either by your drawing it, or making it up with the straight lines of wire or sticks. It is your doings, fabrication or workings whatever you may call it, but it is not an emergence.

Does liquidity emerge from the properties of particles? — Corvus

Yes. Things happen consistently. H2O is liquid within a range of temperatures and pressures, solid at others, gas at others. This is not due to random chance. If that was the case, why would they occur consistently?

Could you explain how it happens in detail? — Corvus

Well, since you didn't ask for much.


:rofl:

I'll do this much. I'll use water as the example, because it's amazing stuff. I suspect everybody knows a lot of this, but it's step-by-step. I'll also touch on a few other things along the way.

Protons are positively charged, so they repel each other. When they are forced close enough together, such as by the immense gravity in a star, the strong nuclear force holds them together. (And breaking protons apart releases the energy of the strong nuclear force. That's what a fission explosion is.)

Electrons are negatively charged, and attracted to protons.

Atoms are electrons circling protons. The protons are called the nucleus. In all but hydrogen, there are two or more protons held together by the strong nuclear force. (There are usually also neutrons in the nucleus.)

The number of electrons circling the nucleus is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. The electrons occupy shells around the nucleus. The first electron shell, closest to the nucleus, can be occupied by two electrons. Once the first electron shell is filled, electrons begin filling the second electron shell, which can be occupied by eighty electrons. Once the second electron shell is filled, electrons begin filling the third electron shell, which can be occupied by eighteen electrons. And so on.

A very important thing about electron shells is that the outer shell is most stable with eighty electrons. This is called the octet rule. If there are eighty electrons in the outer shell (the valence electrons), the element tends to be inert. That is, they are nonreactive/don't much interact with other elements. These elements - helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon - are called the "noble gases", because, like people of the noble classes, they don't mix with the commoners. (Helium doesn't have 8 electrons in its outer shell. It only has 2 electrons, after all. But its only electron shell, the first, is full, it is also fairly nonreactive.)

Oxygen has eight protons and eight electrons. The first electron shell is filled with two electrons. The second electron shell has six electrons. The second electron shell wants two more electrons to satisfy the octet rule. Famously, oxygen bonds with two hydrogen atoms. The lone electrons of the two hydrogen atoms give oxygen 8 in its outer shell, and, at the same time, oxygen shares one of it's electrons with each hydrogen, filling their outer (and only) shells.

Because oxygen has eight protons to hydrogen's one, the shared electrons are drawn more strongly to the oxygen than to the hydrogens. This gives the oxygen a slightly negative charge, and the hydrogens slightly positive charges. [A water molecule is an example of a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction. Oxygen's charge is "reduced", and the hydrogens have been "oxidized".]

Water molecules bond to each other through what are called hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen atoms of one molecule, which, if you remember, are somewhat positively charged because their electrons are drawn to the larger oxygen nucleus, are attracted to the oxygen of another molecule, which are somewhat negatively charged because they have drawn in their hydrogens' electrons. These hydrogen bonds are strong enough to hold when the temperature is low enough, and the molecules aren't moving around much. But when the temperature is higher, and the molecules are moving around enough, the hydrogen bonds are constantly forming and breaking. Liquid!!! :grin:

Even though I've reached liquidity, there's more great stuff!!

In a water molecule, oxygen has two electrons that are each paired with a hydrogen electron, and four of its own that are in two pairs, called "lone pairs". The electron clouds of the lone pairs are bigger than the electron clouds of the two hydrogen/oxygen pairs of electrons, meaning they have a stronger repulsion, so they take up more room. This forces the hydrogen atoms closer together, and the overall angle of the molecules ends up at about 104.5°. When water freezes, that angle forces the molecules into a lattice that is less dense than liquid water. That's the reason for the unusual fact that ice floats in water, instead of sinking. Which means that, while the top of the pond is frozen, life continues below. If ice sank, and the pond filled up from the bottom, life on earth would be extremely different, if it existed at all.

Another interesting thing about the shape of the water molecule is that the oxygen end of the molecule has a negative charge, and the end with the two hydrogens has a positive charge. Many things dropped into water are dissolved because, whether that are positively or negatively charged, one or the other end of the water molecule can bind to it and break it down. This is why water is called the universal solvent.

All that comes from the facts that electrons are negatively charged, protons are positively charged, and the nature of electron shells.