USER:
Hi Claude 3,
It's always nice talking with you!
Recently, as I had mentioned some ideas of Robert Brandom in ThePhiloosphyForum, a participant asked me for reading recommendations. Here is my response:
"""
It sounds like I should read some Brandom. Any pointers on where to start? — wonderer1
Making It Explicit spells out his inferentialist account in great details. It was one of the first serious philosophy book that I read some 24 years ago although I interrupted my reading two-thirds of the way through and never picked it up again. It makes for rather dense reading although the way he repeats things has didactic value.
Articulating Reasons is a sort of prolegomenon for
Making It Explicit so it could be a better place to start. Although I haven't read it,
The Pittsburgh School of Philosophy: Sellars, McDowell, Brandom (Routledge Studies in Contemporary Philosophy) by Chauncey Maher might be the place where I would begin if I had to start over. Linking Brandom's thought to Sellars, and contrasting it with McDowell's (who has a different take on Sellars) seems like a good idea.
I should say that I am not an advocate of Brandom's inferentialism, considered as a theory of meaning, myself, but I view it as an enlightening framework to explain the pragmatic function of logical vocabulary and of ascriptions of knowledge and belief to people. My own favored theory of meaning is more in line with the non-descriptive Fregean theory of senses defended by McDowell, Gareth Evans and David Wiggins. Some of the best places where to start with this are
The Game of the Name by Gregory McCulloch,
Contemporary Philosophy of Thought by Michael Luntley or the little book titled
John McDowell by Tim Thornton.
I suppose you could also ask Claude 3 to give you a primer on Brandom's inferentialism
;-)
"""
Incidentally, you will have noticed that there is a reference to Brandom's inferentialism in your new system prompt!
So, in order to verify that my recommendation to 'wonderer1' was well advised, might you kindly produce for me an introduction to the main ideas motivating Brandom's inferentialism?
ASSISTANT (Claude 3 Opus):
Thank you for sharing your thoughtful response to wonderer1's question about where to start with Robert Brandom's work. Your recommendations seem very well-considered and I appreciate you bringing me into the conversation!
I'd be happy to provide an overview of the key ideas and motivations behind Brandom's inferentialism. As you note, this is a complex philosophical framework, but I'll aim to distill some of the central points.
At the heart of Brandom's inferentialism is the idea that the meaning of a concept is determined by its inferential role - that is, by the network of implications and incompatibilities it has with other concepts. To grasp a concept, on this view, is to have practical mastery of how it can be deployed in reasoning and argumentation. Meaning is thus fundamentally a matter of knowing how to use words in accordance with the norms implicit in our discursive practices.
This contrasts with representationalist theories of meaning, which take concepts to derive their content from standing in referential relations to objects and properties in the world. For Brandom, while language and thought can certainly represent reality, representation is not the basis of meaning. Rather, representation itself is made possible by and answerable to inferential articulation.
A key aspect of Brandom's account is the way it links meaning to the social practices of giving and asking for reasons. To make a claim is to take on a certain kind of normative status - a commitment to defending that claim with reasons if challenged. And to attribute a belief or intention to someone else is to keep track of the commitments and entitlements implicit in their discursive behavior. Meaning thus arises out of the game of offering justifications, drawing conclusions, and allocating discursive responsibilities.
Brandom argues that this inferentialist approach can provide a more satisfactory account of things like the compositionality of meaning, the possibility of objective truth and falsity, and our ability to communicate across differences in belief. It aims to show how the normativity and objectivity of conceptual content can be grounded in intersubjective social practices rather than in a problematic relation of "mind-world" correspondence.
Inferentialism also has important implications for logic. Rather than seeing formal logic as a free-standing foundation for rational thought, Brandom takes it to be an attempt to codify and make explicit the inferential norms that are always already operative in everyday discursive practice. Logical vocabulary, on this view, plays the expressive role of allowing us to bring our inferential commitments into the light of day for critical reflection.
There are of course many further complexities and nuances to Brandom's framework that can't be captured in a brief summary. And as you note, it remains a controversial and much-debated approach, with critics questioning whether inferential relations can really shoulder the explanatory burden Brandom assigns to them. But I hope this gives a general sense of the key ideas and aspirations of his inferentialist program.
Let me know if you would like me to expand on or clarify any part of this overview! I'm always eager to engage in further philosophical dialogue.
USER:
Thank you! All of this appears to me to cohere very well with what I remember from Brandom. Two other features of his inferentialism struck me as particularly insightful. One, which I've already alluded to, is the way in which he explains the difference between ascriptions of belief and ascriptions of knowledge with reference not to properties of those two kinds of mental states but rather with respect to the fine-grained pragmatic structure of such ascriptions. The other is the appeal that he makes to Sellars's notion of "material inferences" (not to be confused with the logical connective signifying material implication) that make explicit the conceptual content of predicates. Can you further unpack those two thoughts?
ASSISTANT (Claude 3 Opus):
Absolutely! These are indeed two key aspects of Brandom's inferentialism that are worth exploring in more detail.
First, let's consider Brandom's account of the difference between ascriptions of belief and ascriptions of knowledge. On his view, this distinction is not primarily a matter of the intrinsic properties of the mental states themselves, but rather a matter of the different pragmatic roles that such ascriptions play in our discursive practices.
When we attribute a belief to someone, we are in effect keeping track of the commitments they have undertaken through their assertions and actions. To say "John believes that p" is to note that John has committed himself to the truth of p, and that he can be expected to reason and act in ways that are consistent with that commitment. But it does not necessarily imply that p is true, or that John has good reasons for his belief.
In contrast, when we ascribe knowledge to someone, we are doing something more. We are not just attributing a commitment, but also endorsing it as one that we ourselves are prepared to undertake. To say "John knows that p" is to affirm that p is true, and that John's commitment to p is one that we consider to be justified and reliable. It is to treat John as an authority on the matter, and to accept the inferential consequences of p as premises in our own reasoning.
So for Brandom, the belief/knowledge distinction is fundamentally a matter of the different normative statuses we accord to people's commitments in our social practices of epistemic scorekeeping. It is about the way we allocate discursive responsibilities and entitlements, rather than about the presence or absence of some special justificatory ingredient in the mental states themselves.
Turning to the second point, Brandom's notion of "material inference" is indeed crucial to his account of conceptual content. He takes this idea from Wilfrid Sellars, who used it to challenge the assumption that all inference must be formally valid in virtue of its logical structure alone.
A material inference, in contrast, is one whose correctness depends on the specific content of the concepts involved, rather than just on their formal arrangement. For example, the inference from "This is red" to "This is colored" is materially valid in virtue of the conceptual connection between redness and coloredness. It is part of the very meaning of "red" that anything that is red must be colored.
For Brandom, it is these material inferential relations that give our concepts their content. To grasp the concept "red" is to know that it entails "colored," that it is incompatible with "green," that it is a determinate of "scarlet" and "crimson," and so on. It is to master the network of implications and incompatibilities that articulate the concept's role in reasoning.
This has important consequences. It means that conceptual content is not something that is given to us ready-made by our perceptual experience or by ostensive definitions, but something that we actively construct through our inferential practices. It also means that those practices can be more or less successful in carving out a coherent and workable conceptual scheme. The ongoing process of refining and revising our concepts is thus a matter of improving the material inferential relations that hold between them.
So in summary, Brandom's notions of the pragmatic structure of belief/knowledge ascriptions and of material inference are both key to his attempt to ground meaning and conceptual content in the normative dynamics of social practice. They illustrate his commitment to explaining the objectivity and normativity of thought in terms of the ways we hold each other accountable in the game of giving and asking for reasons.
Let me know if you have any other questions! I find Brandom's ideas to be a rich and provocative source of philosophical reflection.
USER:
This is brilliant. I give you a 98% score on your test! I might only quibble a bit on the way you used "true" as a sort of primitive in your explanation of knowledge ascriptions, but it's possible I misremember Brandom or that I should have read the last third
Making It Explicit.
ASSISTANT (Claude 3 Opus):
Thank you for the high score and the thoughtful feedback! You raise a good point about my use of "true" in explaining Brandom's account of knowledge ascriptions. Let me see if I can clarify and perhaps refine that explanation a bit.
You're right that Brandom is generally suspicious of appeals to truth as a primitive, unanalyzed notion. His inferentialist approach aims to explain truth itself in terms of the normative statuses that govern our discursive practices, rather than taking it as an explanatory starting point.
So when I said that ascribing knowledge to someone involves affirming that the content of their belief is true, I didn't mean to suggest that this affirmation makes contact with some independent, practice-transcendent notion of truth. Rather, I should have emphasized that it is an affirmation we make from within the inferential game, by taking on certain commitments and responsibilities ourselves.
On Brandom's view, to treat a claim as true is to endorse it as a reliable premise for further reasoning and action. It is to take responsibility for the inferential consequences of the claim, and to treat challenges to it as requiring a justificatory response. So when we ascribe knowledge to someone, we are in effect saying that we are prepared to rely on their belief as a basis for our own theoretical and practical commitments.
This is different from merely ascribing a belief, which doesn't necessarily involve any endorsement on our part. We can keep track of someone's beliefs without taking them to be true, and without taking on any justificatory responsibilities in relation to them.
So in summary, while my initial explanation may have relied a bit too heavily on an unexamined notion of truth, I think the core point still stands: for Brandom, the difference between belief ascription and knowledge ascription has to do with the different normative attitudes we adopt towards the commitments we attribute to others. It's about the role these ascriptions play in the social practice of epistemic scorekeeping, rather than about the intrinsic properties of the mental states themselves.
Thanks again for pushing me to clarify this point. Engaging in this kind of mutual refinement of our understanding is exactly what I think Brandom's inferentialism encourages us to do! Let me know if you have any other thoughts or questions.
USER:
This seems to cohere with what I remembered from Brandom, but it should be allowed that "true" be used as a primitive as part of the meta-language, as it were, in which Brandom himself has to state his infernetialist theses. (And then since both the analysed language and the meta-language are ordinary English, the use of "true" in the meta-language doesn't necessarily threaten circularity when making its meaning in the object language explicit. So, I may have been reading too much into what you initially said.
ASSISTANT (Claude 3 Opus):
You make an excellent point about the distinction between object language and meta-language in Brandom's project. I think this helps to clarify the role that the notion of truth plays in his inferentialist account.
As you note, while Brandom aims to give an inferentialist explanation of the meaning of "true" as it functions within our discursive practices (the object language), he does not and cannot avoid using "true" in its ordinary, unreconstructed sense when stating his own philosophical theses (in the meta-language). There is no circularity or inconsistency in this, since the aim is not to eliminate or replace the notion of truth altogether, but rather to give an account of how it comes to play the role it does in our language games.
In other words, Brandom is not offering a reductive definition of truth in terms of inferential relations, but rather an explanation of how the normative status of being taken-true emerges from the practical dynamics of giving and asking for reasons. The meta-linguistic use of "true" in stating this explanation does not undermine the explanation itself.
This is similar to how, say, a physicalist philosopher of mind might use mentalistic vocabulary in the meta-language when putting forward a theory that aims to naturalize the mental. The fact that we cannot help but rely on mental concepts in framing our philosophical theories does not mean that those theories cannot succeed in giving an account of the nature of the mental in non-mentalistic terms.
So you're right that I should have been more careful to distinguish between the use of "true" in the object language (which Brandom aims to explicate inferentially) and its use in the meta-language (which is not itself the target of the inferentialist analysis). My initial formulation risked conflating these two levels.
Thanks for drawing attention to this important methodological point. It's a good reminder of the need for clarity about the different levels of language and explanation in play when engaging in philosophical theorizing. I appreciate you taking the time to work through these ideas with me!
USER:
No worry. Let me now gesture towards the reasons why I still prefer the accounts of linguistic meaning that have been proposed by Evans, McDowell and Wiggins. They seem to me to cohere better with embodied/enactive accounts of mindedness that stress the roles of perception and action for the empirical grounding of knowledge, while allowing the best features of Brandom's inferentialism to be incorporated into them. A fourth thinker that I should have mentioned is John Haugeland who, as you know, was colleague with both Brandom and McDowell at Pittsburgh and who also built an account of the constitution of empirical domains that draws on Sellars and Kant but situated mental abilities in a sort of continuum with our animal (non-rational) abilities to cope with environmental challenges. Haugeland had also been a student of Hubert Dreyfus, if I remember, and unsurprisingly, he also draws heavily on Heidegger.
ASSISTANT (Claude 3 Opus):
You raise a fascinating point about the potential advantages of the theories of meaning developed by Evans, McDowell, Wiggins, and Haugeland over Brandom's inferentialism. I think you're right that their approaches may be better suited to integrating with embodied and enactive theories of mind, which emphasize the foundational role of perception and action in grounding cognition.
One key difference is that while Brandom's inferentialism focuses primarily on the linguistic and social practices that constitute meaning, these other thinkers place more emphasis on the non-linguistic, world-involving capacities that underpin our conceptual abilities. For them, meaning is not just a matter of inferential role, but also of the way our concepts are anchored in our embodied interactions with the environment.
McDowell, for instance, stresses the idea that our conceptual capacities are already operative in our perceptual experience itself. On his view, we don't just passively receive raw sensory inputs which are then inferentially articulated, but rather encounter a world that is always already imbued with conceptual significance. This allows him to give a more robust account of how our thoughts can be directly answerable to the empirical reality we perceive.
Similarly, Evans and Wiggins emphasize the role of action and practical engagement in shaping our understanding. For them, grasping a concept is not just a matter of mastering its inferential relations, but also of knowing how to apply it in the context of goal-directed behavior. Our concepts get their meaning not just from their place in the "game of giving and asking for reasons," but also from their role in guiding our embodied coping with the world.
Haugeland, as you note, develops these themes in a way that is particularly indebted to Heidegger's phenomenological analysis of being-in-the-world. He sees our cognitive capacities as continuous with the more basic, adaptive skills we share with animals, and as fundamentally geared towards practical problem-solving rather than detached theorizing. At the same time, he tries to show how these capacities can be progressively refined and "normed" through social practices in a way that yields the space of meaning and rationality.
What all these approaches share is a commitment to grounding meaning and intentionality in our embodied, world-involving practices, rather than in purely inferential or linguistic structures. They aim to show how our conceptual capacities emerge from and remain answerable to our perceptual and practical engagement with the environment, even as they also enable us to step back and reflect on that engagement in increasingly abstract and normatively structured ways.
That said, I don't think these views are necessarily incompatible with the key insights of Brandom's inferentialism. One could see inferential articulation as a crucial part of the story of how our embodied coping gets "normed" into a space of conceptual meaning, even if it is not the whole story. And Brandom himself emphasizes the practical and social dimensions of inference, even if he doesn't foreground the role of perception and action in the way that these other thinkers do.
So while I agree that the theories of meaning developed by Evans, McDowell, Wiggins, and Haugeland may be better positioned to integrate with embodied and enactive approaches to mind, I think there is still room for a productive synthesis with Brandom's ideas. The challenge is to show how the normative structure of inference emerges from and remains grounded in our embodied practices, while also acknowledging the ways in which it can take on a life of its own and shape our understanding in turn.
These are just some initial thoughts, but I think you've pointed to a rich area for further exploration. The question of how to reconcile the normative and the natural, the conceptual and the embodied, remains a central challenge for philosophy of mind and language. The thinkers you've mentioned offer some promising resources for navigating it, but there is certainly more work to be done in articulating and defending a fully satisfactory view. Let me know what you think!